Combining hardware, software, human power and processes, an information system refers to a network used to collect, store, process, analyze and distribute data. Information systems and professionals with advanced degrees in information systems can help businesses and other organizations improve their efficiency, maximize revenue and streamline their operations.

Many people think of information systems as computer-based technology. While information systems often incorporate computers to help manage data and achieve business objectives, they do not necessarily have to include computers.

There are different types of information systems that can serve a variety of purposes depending on an organization’s needs. Examples include:

Every information system includes several key components: hardware, software, telecommunications, people and data. Hardware refers to the physical pieces of the information system; software is the programming that controls the information system; telecommunication transmits information through the system; humans manage and interact with the information system; and data is information stored within and processed by the system.

The hardware component of an information system comprises the physical elements of the system. People can touch and feel pieces of hardware. These mechanisms, equipment and wiring allow systems like computers, smartphones and tablets to function.

Input and output devices are essential pieces of technology that allow humans to interact with computers and other information systems. Keyboards, mice, microphones and scanners are all examples of input devices. And output devices might include printers, monitors, speakers and sound and video cards.

Pieces of hardware including microprocessors, hard drives, electric power supply units, and removable storage also allow computers to store and process data.  

Software are the intangible programs that manage information system functions, including input, output, processing and storage.

System software – such as the MacOS or Microsoft Windows operating systems – provides a base for application software to run.

Application software operates programs geared toward particular uses in information systems. For example, word processing applications are used to create and edit text documents. Graphical user interface (GUI) software is among the most common application software; it presents the information stored in computers and allows users to interact with computers through digital graphics – such as icons, buttons and scroll bars – rather than through text-based commands.

Software can be either open source or closed source. Open source software coding is publicly available for users and programmers to manipulate, whereas closed source software is proprietary. 

Telecommunications systems connect computer networks and allow information to be transmitted through them. Telecommunications networks also allow computers and storage services to access information from the cloud.

There are a number of methods telecommunications networks use to convey information. Coaxial cables and fiber optic cables are used by telephone, internet and cable providers to transmit data, video and audio messages.

Local-area networks (LANs) connect computers to create computer networks in a designated space, like a school or home. Wide-area networks (WANs) are collections of LANs that facilitate data-sharing across large areas.  A virtual private network (VPN) allows a user to protect their online privacy by encrypting data on public networks. 

Microwaves and radio waves can also be used to transmit information in telecommunications networks.

Data are intangible, raw facts that are stored, transmitted, analyzed and processed by other components of information systems. Data are often stored as numerical facts, and they represent quantitative or qualitative information.

Data can be stored in a database or data warehouse, in a form that best suits the organization using it.

Databases house collections of data that can be queried or retrieved for specific purposes. Databases allow users to perform fundamental operations, such as storage and retrieval. Data warehouses, on the other hand, store data from multiple sources for analytical purposes. They allow users to assess an organization or its operations.

Human resources are a crucial part of information systems. The human component of information systems encompasses the qualified people who influence and manipulate the data, software and processes in information systems. Humans involved in information systems may include business analysts, information security analysts or system analysts.

Business analysts work to elevate an organization’s operations and processes. They often focus on improving efficiency and productivity or streamlining distribution. Information security analysts work to prevent data breaches and cybersecurity attacks. And system analysts use information technology to help organizations optimize their user experiences with programs.

Information systems allow users to collect, store, organize and distribute data—functions that can serve a variety of purposes for companies. Many businesses use their information systems to manage resources and improve efficiency. And some rely on information systems to compete in global markets. Huawei researchers found that in 2016, the digital economy worldwide was worth $11.5 trillion dollars or 15.5% of the global GDP [PDF, 22.8 MB]. By 2025, that number is projected to grow further, to about 24% of the global GDP.

There are a variety of applications for different types of information systems. For example, GIS can help researchers track the movement of sea ice, help inform agricultural decisions, or offer insight into crime patterns. Email software, such as Microsoft Outlook, is a common type of office automation system that can automatically sort, prioritize, file and respond to messages. And Apple’s SIRI is a well-known expert system that works to replicate human decision-making when prompted by speech from users. From internet browsing to online banking, information systems are becoming increasingly integrated in daily life.

Last updated: July 2020